Biotech & Genetics · Recorded milestone
Recombinant DNA
Recorded year1973
Cohen and Boyer splice genes between organisms, founding genetic engineering.
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Led to
- Recombinant insulinRecorded · 1982enables
- DNA fingerprintingRecorded · 1984enables
- Gene-engineered hepatitis B vaccineRecorded · 1986enables
- Gene therapyRecorded · 1990enables
- Gene-engineered cheese enzymeRecorded · 1990enables
- High-throughput screeningRecorded · 1990enables
- Directed enzyme evolutionRecorded · 1993enables
- Longevity genesRecorded · 1993enables
- Recombinant growth hormone for cowsRecorded · 1993enables
- Glowing protein tags (GFP)Recorded · 1994enables
- GM cropsRecorded · 1996enables
- HIV combination therapyRecorded · 1996enables
- Computational protein designRecorded · 2003enables
- Human genome sequencedRecorded · 2003requires
- MetagenomicsRecorded · 2004requires
- Modified mRNARecorded · 2005requires
- Next-gen sequencingRecorded · 2005requires
- OptogeneticsRecorded · 2005enables
- HPV vaccineRecorded · 2006enables
- Induced stem cellsRecorded · 2006requires
- OrganoidsRecorded · 2009requires
- Synthetic cellRecorded · 2010enables
- Checkpoint immunotherapyRecorded · 2011requires
- CRISPR gene editingRecorded · 2012enables
- First gene-modified food animalRecorded · 2015enables
- Synthetic nutrient locks for engineered cellsRecorded · 2015enables
- Biomanufacturing at scaleRecorded · 2016enables
- Plant-based meatRecorded · 2016enables
- CAR-T cell therapyRecorded · 2017enables
- Gas fermentationRecorded · 2018enables
- Animal-free dairy proteinRecorded · 2019requires
- Engineered-phage patient treatment reportRecorded · 2019enables
- Malaria vaccineRecorded · 2021enables
- Drugs made inside the bodyRecorded · 2022enables
- Alzheimer's-slowing antibodiesRecorded · 2023requires
- Engineered carbon treesRecorded · 2023enables
Sources & evidence
Dataset updated 2026-10-18. This individual record has not been separately re-reviewed.