Chemicals · Recorded milestone
Directed enzyme evolution
Recorded year1993
Frances Arnold breeds better enzymes through rounds of random mutation and selection, launching industrial protein engineering.
Explore this milestone on the interactive mapBuilt on
- Recombinant DNARecorded · 1973enables
- PCRRecorded · 1983enables
Led to
- Biomanufacturing at scaleRecorded · 2016enables
- Chemical plastic recyclingRecorded · 2024enables
- AI-designed proteins in industryForecast · ~2027enables
- Enzymatic plastic recycling plantsForecast · ~2028enables
- Brewed beauty ingredientsForecast · ~2030enables
- Plastics that vanish on cueForecast · ~2030enables
- Precision-fermentation proteinForecast · ~2030enables
- Designer enzymes for all reactionsForecast · ~2081enables
Sources & evidence
Dataset updated 2026-10-18. This individual record has not been separately re-reviewed.