Materials & Manufacturing · Projected milestone
Cheap bulk graphene and nanotubes
Estimated year~2040
30% by 2045 · including earlier years
The year is an editorial timing estimate. The percentage applies to occurrence by the stated deadline. These estimates are not calibrated odds.
Carbon nanomaterials become as cheap as aluminium.
Explore this milestone on the interactive mapWhat the forecast means
Milestone stage: milestone (legacy definition)
Completion criteria: Legacy milestone: refine the observable threshold before resolving.
This page describes a forecast, rather than an achieved result. Read the methodology and assumptions.
Built on
Led to
- Sheets of smart paperForecast · ~2045enables
- Cheap aerogelsForecast · ~2051enables
- Materials 100× stronger than steelForecast · ~2055enables
- Nanomembranes that purify anythingForecast · ~2055enables
- Carbon-framework constructionForecast · ~2075enables
- Lunar space elevatorForecast · ~2078enables
- A Venus cloud foundry makes structural carbonForecast · ~2082enables
- Orbital ringForecast · ~2088enables
Sources & evidence
No individual source links are recorded for this milestone. Source coverage and review status vary across the atlas.
Dataset updated 2026-10-18. This individual record has not been separately re-reviewed.