Deep-sea nodule mining

Built on

• Autonomous underwater vehiclesRecorded · 1995enables
• Driverless haul trucksRecorded · 2008enables

Led to

• First commercial deep-sea miningForecast · ~2028enables
• Deep-sea mining rulesForecast · ~2030enables
• Terrestrial mining largely endedForecast · ~2085enables

Sources & evidence

• Additional source

Dataset updated 2026-10-18. This individual record has not been separately re-reviewed.