Heating, Cooling & Refrigeration · Projected milestone

Helium-free millikelvin coolers

Estimated year~2030

53% by 2035 · including earlier years

The year is an editorial timing estimate. The percentage applies to occurrence by the stated deadline. These estimates are not calibrated odds.

Magnetic and compact cryocoolers reach near absolute zero without scarce helium-3, cutting the cost of cooling quantum computers.

What the forecast means

Milestone stage: milestone (legacy definition)

Completion criteria: Legacy milestone: refine the observable threshold before resolving.

This page describes a forecast, rather than an achieved result. Read the methodology and assumptions.

No individual source links are recorded for this milestone. Source coverage and review status vary across the atlas.

Dataset updated 2026-10-18. This individual record has not been separately re-reviewed.