Digital public infrastructure

Built on

• Public-key cryptographyRecorded · 1976requires
• Biometric national IDRecorded · 2010enables
• Instant payment systemsRecorded · 2016enables

Led to

• AI-run public servicesForecast · ~2028enables
• Laws published as codeForecast · ~2029enables

Sources & evidence

• Additional source

Dataset updated 2026-10-18. This individual record has not been separately re-reviewed.